Obere HWS

AO-Klassifikation

Typ 1: fractures of the anterior arch
Typ 2: fractures of the posterior arch and are usually bilateral
Typ 3: fractures involving the anterior and posterior arch (Jefferson Fraktur)
- Typ 3a: intact transverse atlantal ligament
- Typ 3b: disrupted transverse atlantal ligament complex
  - Dickman Typ 1: ligamentous disruption
  - Dickman Typ 2: bony avulsion with an intact transverse atlantal ligament
Typ 4: fractures of the lateral mass
Typ 5: isolated fractures of the C1 transverse process (rare)

hws_gehweiler-dikman

Typ I
- rare
- fracture of the upper part of the odontoid peg (generally oblique)
- above the level of the transverse band of the cruciform ligament
- usually considered stable
Typ II
- most common
- transverse course fracture at the base of the odontoid
- below the level of the transverse band of the cruciform ligament
- unstable
- high risk of non-union
Typ III
- through the odontoid and into the lateral masses of C2
- relatively stable if not excessively displaced
- best prognosis for healing because of the larger surface area of the fracture

hws_densfraktur_anderson-d-alonso